Modern Portfolio Theory Free Essay Example, 1500 words

The efficient frontier theory argues that portfolios made up of just one asset are inefficient the better performing portfolios would always turn out to be the ones that are efficiently diversified except when no other portfolio of assets can deliver a higher expected return with equal risk or lower risk with an equal or higher return. Based on the Markowitz portfolio theory, the existence of the risk-free asset has been assumed. A risk-free asset is one with zero variance. The expected rate of return on it is always produced or delivered, so the risk or the standard deviation on the returns thereof is always equal to zero. Even the covariance and the correlation coefficient of portfolios that include a risk-free asset would then be computed as zero. (p. 280) Based on Markowitz s portfolio theory, two major theories were proposed as models for valuing risky assets: namely, the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) and the Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT). CAPM is the model that sp ecifies what should be the expected or the required rate of returns on a risky asset, based on the risks it is exposed to (Reilly Brown, 1997, p. We will write a custom essay sample on Modern Portfolio Theory or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page In light of these arguments, Stephen Ross came up with the Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT). APT is based on the assumptions that capital markets are perfectly competitive, and that investors will always choose to earn more than to earn less from their investments.

Theories On The Causation Of Homosexuality - 3098 Words

Running head: CAUSATION OF HOMOSEXUALITY 1 Theories on the Causation of Homosexuality Luke Thomas The University of Alabama CAUSATION OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2 Abstract There are two main schools of thought regarding the causation of homosexuality. The first, which is examined in this research, is biological cause. Three main categories of thought exist under biological theory: hormone theory, brain theory, and genetic theory. Each category contains convincing evidence as to why its respective variations should be attributed to provoking homosexuality. Hormone theory maintains that abnormal levels of testosterone expose—whether too great or too little—is responsible for masculinizing or feminizing the fetus and thus altering its†¦show more content†¦The study of its causation, however, has been greatly expanded only within past two centuries. Many theories have been formulated to attempt to explain what causes sexual variance, and in particular, homosexuality. These theories can be grouped into two main categories: nature and nurture. The theories which fall under the nature category maintain that homosexual behavior results from biological, innate differences between homosexuals and heterosexuals. The nurture theories, in contrast, state that homosexual tendencies form as a result of one’s sociological environment, and that homosexuality is an acquired trait. Recent research, however, indicates a stronger assumption towards biological causes of homosexuality and leads one to question the validity of the nurture theories in influencing homosexual behavior. Nature Theories Theories crediting homosexual behavior to natural, biological factors take many different routes. The three main subcategories of biological theories include hormone theory, brain theory, and genetic theory. Although neither the nature nor the nurture theories are entirely conclusive, recent research suggests more of a correlation between biological theories on the causation of homosexuality as opposed to sociological theories. Hormone Theory Several studies have been conducted in an attempt to prove the

Discuss Chronic Kidney Disease Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

This assignment will discourse chronic kidney disease ( CKD ) , its development and the therapies to handle this disease. Chronic kidney disease is going a planetary public wellness job nevertheless, converting grounds is now able to observe chronic kidney disease by utilizing simple research lab testing and that intervention can forestall or detain complications. ( this is a direct cut and paste from the cyberspace ) In order for this to be achieved it must be adopted as a end worldwide in understanding the relationship between chronic kidney disease and other chronic diseases, it is besides of import to develop a public wellness policy to better results in the hereafter. We will write a custom essay sample on Discuss Chronic Kidney Disease Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now ( this is a direct cut and paste from the cyberspace ) Harmonizing to the World Health Organisation ( WHO ) chronic diseases are now the taking cause of decease worldwide. There were 58 million deceases worldwide in two 1000 and five, and 35 were attributed to chronic diseases. There are presently legion footings used interchangeably with chronic kidney disease: chronic nephritic inadequacy ( CRI ) progressive nephritic inadequacy ( PRI ) and end phase nephritic disease ( ESRD ) are the most common. ( this is a direct cut and paste from the cyberspace ) Levey et Al 2007 â€Å" Chronic kidney disease happens when an single suffers from gradual and normally lasting loss of kidney map over clip. This happens bit by bit, normally months to old ages. Chronic kidney disease is divided into five phases of increasing badness. The term nephritic refers to the kidneys, so another name for kidney disease is nephritic failure. Mild kidney disease is frequently called inadequacy. With loss of kidney map there is an accretion of H2O, waste and toxic substances in the organic structure that are usually excreted by the kidney. Loss of kidney map besides causes other jobs such as anaemia, high blood force per unit area, acidosis ( inordinate sourness of organic structure fluids ) , upsets of cholesterin and fatty acids and bone disease. Stage five chronic kidney diseases is besides referred to as kidney failure, terminal phase kidney disease, or stop phase nephritic disease wherein there is entire or close entire loss of kidney map. There is unsafe accretion of H2O , waste and toxic substances and most persons in this phase of kidney disease need dialysis or organ transplant to remain alive ( emedicinehealth, 2010 ) . † ( this is a direct cut and paste from the cyberspace ) â€Å" The clinical linguistic communication of ( CKD ) is riddled with impreciseness. Inconsistent usage of ( CKD ) nomenclature is confounding for both practicians and patients. Presently legion footings are used interchangeably with ( CKD ) : chronic nephritic inadequacy ( CRI ) , progressive nephritic inadequacy ( PRI ) , and terminal phase nephritic disease ( ESRD ) , are among the most common. The word kidney is of Middle English beginning and is easy understood by patients, their households, suppliers, wellness attention professional and the laic populace of native English talkers. On the other manus nephritic and nephrology derived from Latin and Greek roots, severally, normally require reading and account. The word chronic is an adjectival defined as persisting for a long clip normally associated with an unwellness or a personal or societal job. A chronic unwellness is defined as being relentless long standing and incurable. In medical footings chronic is besides defined as persisting for a long clip. The term imperfect is defined as traveling frontward as with a progressive gesture, continuing measure by measure, cumulative and of a disease increasing in badness or extent ( Ridley, J, et al 2009 ) . † ( this is a direct cut and paste from the cyberspace ) â€Å" The term disease is an unhealthy status of the organic structure or head, a peculiar sort of disease with particular symptoms or location. Similarly the term diseased refers to being affected with disease unnatural, or disordered. The synonym finder defines disease as a noun denoting a sort or case of damage of a life being that interferes with normal bodily map ( Ridley, J, et al 2009 ) . â€Å" Chronic kidney disease is progressively recognized as a planetary public wellness job. There is now converting grounds that ( CKD ) can be detected utilizing simple research lab trials, and that intervention can forestall or detain complications of reduced kidney map, decelerate the patterned advance of kidney disease and cut down the hazard of cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) . Translating these progresss to simple and applicable public wellness steps must be adopted as a end worldwide. Understanding the relationship between ( CKD ) and other chronic disease is of import to developin g a public wellness policy to better results. Chronic disease is now the taking cause of decease worldwide. The World Health Organisation ( WHO ) estimates that there were about 58 million deceases worldwide in two 1000 and five, with 35 million attributed to chronic disease. While ( CKD ) is non mentioned in the two 1000 and five study it is now recognized that ( CKD ) is common in people with cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) hazard factors and that ( CKD ) multiples the hazard for inauspicious results in these conditions ( Levey, A, S, et al 2007 ) . ( this is a direct cut and paste from the cyberspace ) â€Å" There are two types of nephritic replacing therapies for patients. Most patients are campaigners for both haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Hemodialysis is used to cleanse the blood before the blood is returned to the organic structure. Peritoneal dialysis filters, cleans blood and removes extra fluid. Peritoneal offers more freedom for persons compared to hemodialysis since patients do non necessitate to travel to a dialysis Centre for intervention. Persons /patients need to be educated on chronic kidney disease so that they are able to better pull off their attention and intervention and every bit good as taking the appropriate therapy in respects to their attention ( Emedicinehealth, 2010 ) . † â€Å" The demand to educate patients in order to enable them to take part in doing appropriate picks for all curative options in terminal phase nephritic disease would look obvious yet there are many barriers to supplying such information. Adequate chronic kidney disease instruction can detain the oncoming of dialysis, increase patient pick of less dearly-won homed-based therapies and better results of patient after the start of dialysis ( Finkelstein, F O, et Al, 2008 ) . † â€Å" The chief causes of chronic kidney disease are diabetes and high blood force per unit area. Type one and type two diabetes mellitus causes a status called diabetic kidney disease which is the taking cause of kidney disease in the United States. High blood force per unit area ( high blood pressure ) if non controlled can damage the kidneys over clip. There are legion other causes but theses are most common. There is no remedy for chronic kidney disease the four ends of therapy are: decelerate the patterned advance of disease, dainty implicit in causes and lending factors, dainty complications of disease and replace lost kidney map. Schemes for decelerating patterned advance and handling conditions underlying chronic kidney disease include the undermentioned: control of blood glucose, control of high blood force per unit area and diet. Complications that may necessitate medical intervention are unstable keeping, anaemia, bone disease, and acidosis ( emedicinehealth 2010 ) . â⠂¬  In decision chronic kidney disease is a serious public wellness concern which is now recognized worldwide. The two chief causes of chronic kidney disease are type one and type two diabetes and the other being high blood force per unit area. Educating patients on chronic kidney disease enables them to be able to do picks in respects to their intervention and attention. Patients that are now educated on chronic kidney disease can now take the appropriate therapy, whether it be hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis, most of the clip peritoneal dialysis offer more freedom for patients whereas haemodialysis requires the patient to travel to a dialysis Centre for intervention. The control of blood glucose, high blood force per unit area and diet are really of import in keeping the patterned advance of chronic kidney disease. Public steps must be adopted worldwide if there are to be better wellness policies to better results in the hereafter. â€Å" Chronic kidney disease happens when an sin gle suffers from gradual and normally lasting loss of kidney map over clip. This happens bit by bit, normally months to old ages. The term nephritic refers to the kidneys, so another name for kidney disease is nephritic failure. Harmonizing to The World Health Organization ( WHO ) 35 million deceases were attributed to chronic diseases, while it was non mentioned in the study chronic kidney disease is common in people with cardiovascular disease. There is now converting grounds that ( CKD ) can be detected utilizing simple research lab trials, and that intervention can forestall or detain complications of reduced kidney map, decelerate the patterned advance of kidney disease and cut down the hazard of cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) . Once once more patients need to be able to understand what complications intervention and therapies are available when covering with chronic kidney disease, holding this type of cognition dosage non bring around the patient but it slows down the patterned advance of this disease. How to cite Discuss Chronic Kidney Disease Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Slavery as a Positive Good free essay sample

There was the fundamental belief that Africans were inferior to their white counterparts. Many saw the slave population as a labor force that ‘had it made’ as it were. The institution had also become so ingrained into the southern way of life that most had come to think of their human property as part of the family. The southern cotton empire was not limited to the south. Cotton was farmed and harvested by the plantation slaves. It was bundled and load onto trains and ships by slaves and white laborer’s alike. Then it was sent north, west or east to Europe. Demand was so great that even farmers with small land plots and a handful of slaves could turn a profit with cotton or the second most profitable crop, tobacco. Once the raw cotton left the southern states, it often made its way to textile mills up north. A large percentage of people at this time were either employed by the mills or a business related to it such as a mode of shipping or retail. We will write a custom essay sample on Slavery as a Positive Good or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They also realized that these jobs would not exist without a steady supply of raw cotton picked by forced labor. Talk of anything that would endanger employment would have been frowned upon. Slavery also allowed â€Å"perfect equality among white, liberating them from the ‘low menial’ jobs like factory labor and domestic service performed by wage workers in the north† (p. 345). With these jobs perpetually filled, southerners arguedwere free to pursue other things such a politics and of course leisure. In truth, they only liberated people from the obligation to pay people to do the same work. Often biblical passages were used to justify slavery. The marking of Cain â€Å"so all would know him† for his crime against his brother was reference to the dark skin of the African transplants. Such people were barely human and unfit for society in every way. They were to be subservient to true children of God. The issue of slavery is also mentioned in the bible as passages stating that a servant should be obedient to his master (p. 345). It is important to note that none of those who argued this passage ever made reference to the freedom of the enslaved Jews in Exodus who were treated virtually the same way—forced labor, forced conformity to another religion and renouncing of their native culture, terrible living conditions, etc. The economic structure of the south and north differed greatly. While the north was comprised mainly of large cities with sprawling populations, the southern states remained rural with metro areas serving mainly as ports of goods transport. It was possible to be more self sufficient in Georgia than New Hampshire because of agriculture. Even the poorest of southerners owned at least a few acres of land they called home and could farm for food and or profit. If one had no job in a northern city, no income meant no housing or food. Pity for slave labors turned to envy by some because of this. A slave always had food, clothing and shelter. Without these things, he or she would not be fit enough do complete their chores. Elderly and infirmed slaves commonly took on the job of rearing the young children and caring for the sick and injured until able to return to working. This is in the eyes of many meant that they would be taken care of till the day they died with out the hassle of having to worry about losing their job as many northerners did. There is also the idea of slaves being part of the extended family. Southerners had become so used to the idea that slaves became more like pets to some; dearly loved yet unable function without the master’s care. Take for example a woman whose role is to care for her master’s children. She maybe well loved by her charges but as they grow they will come to see her as less than a human being. That won’t necessarily keep them from caring about her, they will simply do so in the way they would love a cat or dog. Pro-slavery advocates were also quick to point out that the great empires of history were based on slave labor. The Greeks, Romans, Egyptians, Persians and so forth were mighty civilizations that enslaved captives of war as well as criminals. It is possible to assume that since these societies were able to focus of innovation and thinking because of their slave work force that the south too would flourish intellectually. Whether or not this is true is debatable. Yes there were several southern inventors and writers of the time but to compare it to the advances of the past would be difficult. In conclusion, the â€Å"positive good† argument was nothing short of a means for whites of all classes on both sides of the Mason-Dixie line to ease their own guilt over the institution of slavery. It is human nature to put a positive spin on something we benefit from. Wars have been waged under the precipice of uniting territories, bringing order, divine right, and alike while the true motivations have been wealth, power and glory. The south was no different from the empires of the past in that respect.

MICHELANGELO Essays - Sistine Chapel, Renaissance Painters

MICHELANGELO 1.Early Childhood If you don't know about art, then you don't know about Michelangelo Buonarotti. He was have to been the greatest and certainly the most famous artist produced by western civilization, and universally viewed as the Supreme Renaissance Artist. Throughout his achievement he has the occupation of being a : Painter, Sculptor, Architect, and also a poet. With this kind of ability this man had to have had an impact on Western Europe. As a member of the well-known Florentine family, Michelangelo was born near a small city Known as Arezzo, on March 6, 1475. His education ended in which we would think to have been to early for a child to finish school, at the age of 13. He received his tutelage in painting, not school work from the artist Domenico, and Bertoldo di Giovanni . He was in constantly in the presence of art. These experiences gave Michelangelo a clear sense on true art. His education was shown in one of his first paintings The Madonna of the Stairs, was painted when he was younger than 20 years of age. 2.Contribution to Renaissance Michelangelo contributed many of his greatest arts and statues to many of the great Kings and Queens of his time. One of his first and most famous statues was Bacchus, the God of wine. In this statue Michelangelo magnified the classical ideal of beauty. His statue of David was also a reflection of this idea. Michelangelo was given the most respect when he sculpted the monumental marble piece named Pieta, which was a piece that showed Athletic prowess and dynamic action. This colossal piece was carved in Florence which gave the people of Florence a symbol of the proud independence of the Florentine Republic. This is just ONE of the prime examples of why Michelangelo contributed to the Renaissance. Don't think that Mike was done yet. His biggest contribution to the Renaissance was when he painted the Sistine Chapel. His organization of the Sistine ceiling frescoes represented the most complex piece ever created in Western Art. The painting itself contains a complex illusion in which it serves as a frame for sculpturelike forms. From the nine paintings on the ceiling, the most unique scene was the Creation of Adam, which showed Michelangelo's new look at the human body. It took him 4 years to complete the ceiling, but if you see it you will understand why it was worth the wait. Sadly to say that Michelangelo died at the right bold age of 89 on February 18,1564. 3.Conclusion As you can see that this man wasn't the smartest of all people, but that wasn't he was known for. He was known for his beautiful paintings and marvelous statues. He was to have been said to be one of greatest artists ever produced, and his worked proved that and held true. So in conclusion I think that I am able and safe to say that Michelangelo Buonarotti was truly a Renaissance man. Works Cited Alexander, Sidney, Michelangelo the Florentine(1985) and Nicodemus: The Roman Years of Michalengelo Buonarroti (1984): Michelangelo, Complete Poems and Scarlet Letters, trans. By Creighton Gilbert, 2d ed. (1965; repr. 1980); Cambon, Glauco, Michelangelo's Poetry (1985); Goldscheidner, Ludwig, Michelangelo: Paintings, Sculpture, Architecture, 4th ed. (1964) ;Groliers Multimedia Encyclopedia 1995 ed.(Internet)

Information technology research project Essay Example

Information technology research project Essay Example Information technology research project Essay Information technology research project Essay Essay Topic: Rear Window Information Technology, (IT ) is now a widely used tool in education, business and leisure. This project describes some of the facilities listed above which are used with varying degrees of success in education. As a tool of teaching, they have values which are discussed, but their widespread application in commerce and leisure makes having experience of them a requisite part of wider education. However, they can easily be construed as the way the learn, or as the only tool needed. With the exception of very mature and able people this is a fallacy, as one has to be very dedicated to learning and have developed considerable discipline to attain success by this method alone. Even the Open University which uses mainly distance and more recently online learning realises that periodic face to face meetings with tutors and other students is essential to get the best understanding out of any teaching program. It is interesting that the new ECDL (European Computer Driving Licence) which is likely to become the standard broader qualification for basic IT in the future, has been devised so it can be studied and tested by distance learning from CDROM. Time will tell how many people can do this right through with minimal tutor or lesson contact. Currently both class, and distance learning with tutor support are being tried by different local colleges. It seems likely to be attractive as a qualification for people who have perhaps have had training in some of the 7 component sections, but wish to round out their basic knowledge somewhat. Such people will have quite a lot of computer literacy from the modules they already know and it will be interesting to see how much additional support they really need. 1. CDROMS as a Learning Resource. One useful way of using a computer in education is using subject specialist CDROMS. These have been available for some time now, but vary in their quality of material and actual likely learning outcome. The usual idea is that the student should work through a program at their own speed learning and giving answers, usually to multiple choice questions. The program might be one long on-going one, but is more usually broken into sections of increasing complexity, which can be used in any order for the topic required. If the student tries to go too far into the work before understanding the earlier chapters properly, then they will find it too difficult. Most programs have tests at the end of each section to self-assess progress. The best ones also have optional tests at the beginning of each section to see if the student already knows the material in it and can therefore miss that section out. The material varies in quality. Some are very good, making students at least think before answering questions. However, this learning system suffers from one fundamental problem. It is fairly easy to skip through a section and then immediately do a test on it. This however does not really assess understanding very well. The temptation is to then go on and on without going back over any material. Hence short term memory of correct answers is tested, but long term memory and real understanding are not. The more effective solution is to instruct students at each session that they must retake all the assessment tests they covered the previous session and get high marks before going on further. The arrangement style of material is also potentially variable. Many early program were poor in this respect. They were often difficult to drive, so much time and effort was expended figuring out how to make the program run, rather than actually learning the material. The main resultant outcome was that people understood how to drive the program rather than the material it contained. Modern ones are more consistent in style to Windows conventions and hence do not require the same amount of learning to drive. A reference elsewhere1 indicates that a programs popularity is not necessarily indicative of good quality in CDROM programs. Some just do not get the material over well in a way that is remembered or understood. Unfortunately, some students will plough ahead regardless through such programs on the wishful assumption that if they cover it all, they must know it and would pass any assessment. So some other interaction with the tutor is essential for all but the most dedicated of learners if using this as a major learning tool. Remember, IT is just another learning tool, not a teacher substitute. I test drove two CDROMS. One about the internet was passable, but not very inspiring. The second one was a medical one which I saw only briefly. It seemed to have a lot of information, but I could not determine if it was a good program in a limited time. We were also shown an early poor one for comparison. Remember. IT is just another learning tool, not a teacher substitute. 2. Microsoft PowerPoint(r) This and similar presentation packages are designed to allow a range of display, text, graphs, images, etc to be incorporated into a slide show, which are presented from a PC. There are two popular ways they are used. One is using a special projector which takes the PC output and projects it onto a screen, which is suitable for a large audience. The other is to use a PC, often a laptop, where a small number of people sit round and discuss it. This is a popular system of presentation for people on the move like salesmen, or executives who travel round different sites, even abroad. The laptop package is small to carry and the presentation can be updated remotely from base if necessary for changes such as prices or data. It can still be plugged into a projection system. In a teaching environment, projection is occasionally used, but is mainly in large lecture theatres due to the relatively high cost. I use the package regularly myself for scientific training courses I teach. Each slide is made in a design mode where everything can be set or changed at will. One of the template design backgrounds can be used for the whole show, or a custom one be made, producing a coherence between the slides. Then there are a range of slide styles available for e.g. text only, text and graph, text and image, graph only, etc. As the package uses many of the tools of other MS applications, material is readily copied in from Word, Excel, etc., using the clipboard. The way material appears onto the screen can be set to a whole range of options. So text effects like each line being added by sliding in from one side, or fading in, or coming in letter by letter are available and can add interest. This displays only the information up to the point of the explanation by the lecturer without the distraction of later lines, previous lines dimmed if preferred. Animation strips can be inserted and sound added if desired. All these add impact, but can be distracting or annoying if done in excess. Moving video images or animated drawings can be added if required. The design mode is changed to slide show mode for projection so the full screen is used by the slide, with menu bars etc., used in design mode not taking part up of it. The video lead from the PC is usually plugged into the projector and a return lead to the usual monitor so that the user can see the small screen without facing away from the audience. At design time one can also show all the slides together in miniature as a display where they can be easily rearranged as required. The slides can be printed out in full page or several to a page if required so that a copy can be given to participants as a handout. Additionally, notes can be added to a half size printout of each slide and printed out, usually to act as prompts for the lecturer, but can be used for participants also if appropriate. During projection, a pen can be added so that the speaker can draw on the slide being projected to emphasise a point, this drawing being temporary and not stored in the file. Timing can be added, either to match the speakers requirement for automatic change for each slide at appropriate times, or at a specified regular time interval. It can also cycle the whole program indefinitely for such applications as public viewing at exhibitions. There is facility to send the presentation to someone who has not got the full PowerPoint package by a file which is self standing on another PC. This is useful, as many organisations do not purchase a full office package or may only have an alternative such as Lotus. Licence requirements are thus not violated. 3. Digital Cameras These are becoming increasing popular as accessories for computers as a way of putting a picture of a person, scene or an item into a document. Some are relatively cheap with limited resolution, whilst others offer higher resolution and storage of many pictures before downloading (e.g. 90). The download process takes only a short time, but one must remember that they are bitmaps which are very memory intensive. They can be imported into a package such as Paint and re-saved as JPEG images which are a lot smaller. Some low cost cameras are designed to sit on top of the PC monitor and are usually used to take live photos of the operator or other items which can be brought into range. These are the cheapest because they use the PCs own memory for picture storage. There are also some models which take a floppy disk as their method of storage, and as one can change the disk when full, the memory capacity is unlimited. Most better cameras have a miniature screen at the back which acts as a viewfinder, and on which stored images may be reviewed for confirmation and deletion allowed if unsatisfactory. Software packages are available to take the digital images and edit them in various ways. Some are designed for amusement such as added photo heads to comic bodies, etc. Others have more serious applications to either cut out, transpose parts onto other pictures. Unwanted items can be edited out. Almost anything is possible with a quality package. The old adage that The camera never lies is no longer true! Pictures taken and/or edited with these packages, along with images scanned into picture software can be printed on a colour printer, usually an inkjet. There is special photographic paper available for these which gets close to a photograph in quality if a good digital camera and photo quality printer are used. There are also methods of capturing film form a conventional camcorder onto a PC so that stills can be extracted and used in the same way. All pictures are memory hungry so a large hard disk is required if a lot of use is to be made of this feature. 4. Videoconferencing When two IT users wish to interact, they no longer need to get together. Conferencing could be to a nearby building or more likely a remote location anywhere in the world. It can work with a standard telephone line, but a more expensive but faster ISDN line is better. Using this, each partner has a camera and either a PC or a large TV type monitor screen. Groups can sit at each location so that a meeting of several groups at different places can take place. A chairman in one would usually control who was the speaker at any time to avoid conflicts. The cameras can be made to pan onto each speaker or to any item being discussed. This is very cost effective for meetings where several people would have to travel, or where one would otherwise travel but try to represent several people. All can take part, no travel is necessary and the cost is just a telephone call for the duration of the meeting. For international business, increasingly common, this time saving is considerable and makes i nter-site co-operation simple and enhances profitability. Schools, colleges and higher education find uses for this system. It is particularly good where a specialist speaker is delivering a talk, so people can watch it without travelling to the venue. It also aids such demonstrations as surgery, where a crowd cannot get into see close up what is happening, but the surgeon can work normally with little hindrance from just one camera, whilst people can see the operation close up as though they were present. Conversation can take place during or afterwards with a little organisation of the logistics. Many other instances can be devised to get close in or to teach from afar. Schools and colleges often try to introduce their pupils to videoconferencing, but these often turn out to be rather gimmicky events. The supposed advantage of speaking to a different group in another school is of dubious value to learning in most cases. If the organisation was to link up with say a school or college abroad, to speak in each others language with a genuine accent, that might be more useful. We have some way to go with this yet, I think to achieve anything really useful, meanwhile, it is an expensive play toy. Some examples of shots taken with a digital camera during a videoconferencing demonstration session are appended. 5. Speech Recognition Several software packages are available which when used with a sound card and microphone allow spoken words to be converted automatically into text. The text can then be pasted into a Word or similar document after corrections. However as everyone has different speech characteristics, the program cannot just recognise everyone automatically straight away. It is necessary for each user to train the software to recognise their individual voice. This is done by reading in a number of standard texts and correcting any errors. Slowly the package improves its accuracy of recognition. Additionally, once serious use is made and used correctly, it should continue this improvement process for that person. The better packages allow several users to each have their own voice recognition set to be stored and be available on demand. Text has to be dictated fairly slowly, pausing between. words more than one would in normal speech. Some claims2 suggest this is as slow as 5 words per minute, but observation suggests that 20 30 is possible once practised and trained well. Things like punctuation and capital letters are also dictated. The environment must be reasonably quiet or the software will also try to interpret extraneous sounds. Bear in mind that one has to read carefully through the text afterwards to check for errors in conversion which slows down the overall process. Running a spell check is inappropriate as a substitute, as the program may generate true words, but may not be the ones intended. Has this applications in education? Some pundits suggest that in 5 or 10 years time, the software will be so sophisticated that it will be able to work faster than a reasonable typist the truth is more likely that we shall have to wait and see. One has also to bear in mind that it might be fine to enter the reading of a written text, but usually things are also being composed whilst entering at a keyboard. So the likely strings of words punctuated with ums and ahs and no change that to will not work in such dictation. As current text recognition of scanned images (OCR) is well advanced, this seems to be the way straight written text will be entered. It would be a special skill that people would need to acquire to be able to dictate a new document directly in well composed speech. Certainly in view of the general dumbing down of standards of English, many people currently in the workplace would be unable to do this effectively and the keyboard will probably still be the major input device for most applications. 1 See project IT in education etc. Task 9. 2 Rick Maybury. Boot Up Projects. Daily Telegraph Publications

Urban Planning In China Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Urban Planning In China - Research Paper Example Transportation challenges drive the China’s urban transport policy. The local authorities in, therefore, localize this system to manage transportation crisis in particular cities. Beijing is the capital city of China, business, and transportation hub. It has a sophisticated transport system comprising of the road, air, and bicycle railroads. The city also has a large population living with many registered cars on the roads. The result is widespread traffic congestion in the city. Usually, the city is gridlocked, and the situation seems to be on the rise (Wang, Zhang, Cao & Liu, 2012). Traffic problems in Beijing result from rapid urbanization, increasing inhabitant earnings and the national policy that encourages automobile ownership among the citizens as a strategy for promoting economic growth. These complications lead to serious problems affecting urban growth, quality of urban life and the overall economic development, for instance, longer time in commuting. Hence, the gov ernment through the relevant authorities works to combat the congestion and provide better transportation systems for the city.  The Beijing Municipal Committee of Transportation performs most of the planning and implementation of transportation interventions. The committee undertakes national guidelines, laws and policies, regulations and codes for the development of transportation sector. In addition, the body has mandates of inspecting and supervising the implementation of major infrastructural projects to decongest the city.

Pertuzumab Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Pertuzumab - Literature review Example This is enabled by the F-10 binding to the chimeric of the IgGI that largely affects epidermal expansion. However, during the extraction process, pertuzumab undergoes certain stages. First, through the dimerization process that facilitates epidermal growth, HER signaling routes are activated. It implies that the HER2 is mixed with toxicants and other variants that are found in the monoclonal antibody (MAb). The cloning process, thus, occurs during the inhibition of tumors through HER dimerization. Contrastingly, the extraction process should integrate both the structures of extracellular domain and the epidermal growth factor (EGF) that is instrumental in sustaining the function of pertuzumab (Franklin et al., 2005). Another mode of extraction is through the use of ErB2 that reduces higher metastatic potential and tumor growth rates via therapeutic approaches. Purification is the last process of obtaining a complete dosage of pertuzumab and is characterized by the asymmetric unit of varying domains. The molecular replacement is equally interrelated with the monoclonal antibody pertuzumab that is crystallized for solubility purposes and creation of bonded modules. Overall, the management of cancerous cells requires the inclusion (EGF) antigens that are compatible with the individual receiving treatment (Jatoi & Kaufmann,

History of Economic Thought Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

History of Economic Thought - Term Paper Example These colonies after annexation could only trade with its colonizers. Policies such as export subsidies and tariff trade barriers further promote biased foreign trade. In essence, the aim was to encourage exportation and explicitly discourage importation (Murphy 2010, p.288). However, capital equipment or tools that would benefit foreign countries could not be exported. Nonetheless, governments supported exploitation of raw materials within the countries boundaries. Other states supported the growth of home industries by use of incentives such as exemption from tax or earning of pension for successful industries. Even immigration of competent laborers to foreign countries faced restriction to maintain competitive advantage (Harris 2004, p.3). Undoubtedly, governments saw this as a sure way of making their countries rich. As such, this theory spread quickly and lasted for over 200 hundred years as the dominant guideline to foreign trade. However, Vaggi (2003, p. 16) argues that mercan tilism rose in relation to the existing problem rather than a school of thought. The Renaissance period in Europe saw by far the greatest influence of this theory. Between the 15th and 18th century especially, governments embraced this doctrine that extended up to the early modern period. Countries such as France, Britain, Germany and Italy are some of the examples of countries that utilized this theory. These periods marked the decline of the feudal systems in Europe (Murphy 2010, p.289). There was tension within and outside Europe states as a result of wars mostly resulting from resistance to colonization and political aggregation caused by territorial expansion. The measure of wealth was in terms of precious metals, for instance, gold and silver and as such government sought out these metals with valor. The wars fought during this period aimed to acquire more gold and silver or alternately to prevent from losing gold and silver (Vaggi 2003, p.16). The main advocate for this theor y is the French man Jean-Baptiste Colbert. During his reign as the finance minister for France, he implemented many policies that endeavored to support this theory. For instance, foreign vessels received higher port duties while French vessels did not pay port duties. This theory in regard to Colbert’s policies took on a monopolistic structure. This is because the aim was to ensure that the state is the sole producer and hence supplier of products. The state also had complete control of the prices for both suppliers and consumers. In England, the most noted mercantilist was Thomas Mun. This form of trade had its advantages, and it helped the economy of those nations to grow considerably within that period. Case in point is the considerable reduction of the price of products within the economy because the state creates economies of scale. However, this is only realistic in regard to a purely competitive market structure. Economies of scale arise from the states ability to make abnormal profits from its trading activities. Secondly, industries are not afraid to take risks because the government supports them. This theory led to the growth of local industries and trade. Local companies became international trade powerhouses for instance former British East India Company. In regard to politics, this theory is by far the greatest advocator of Nationalism because its survival depended on it (Harris 2004, p.5). While the most noted influence to the decline of the

Personal Statement for College Application

Personal Statement for College Application My College Right after high school, I plan to attend McLennan Community College. The main reason I choose this college is because it is very affordable and its close to home. I want to study Radiology and this school offers a good associates program for this. I would want to earn my bachelors degree from Texas Tech University. Texas Tech has always been a dream school for me, but unfortunately my family does not have the money to support me at that university. Either way Im happy to stay close to my family and go to McLennan Community College. My older siblings encouraged me to choose MCC, they showed me the different programs they offer, scholarship opportunities, and what really impressed me was the University Center they have. McLennan Community College is located in Waco, TX and was established in 1965 by the citizens of McLennan County. The college offers two year associates degrees, technical and vocational courses. The mission of the school is to engage, educate, and enrich the community. MCC has core values that effect all choices, decisions, and actions of the college. The core values are excellence, integrity, innovation, inclusion, collaboration, stewardship, sustainability, and accountability. The University Center at MCC is a partnership with several four-year state universities that offer degree programs on MCCs campus. It offers students the opportunity to earn affordable bachelors, masters and doctoral degrees. MCC also offers many scholarships to incoming students and current students. The top scholarships are the presidential, honors, first generation, and McLennan scholars. They also have some student organizations such as Hispanic Student Association, Student Council, and MCC Womens Leadership Association. The McLennan tartan, the wool fabric with the distinctive plaid pattern of the McLennan clan, is the official college banner. The mascot is the Highlander, a Scottish warrior in battle dress with a sword and shield, they call him Mac. There is baseball, mens basketball and golf, for women there is softball, golf and womens basketball. My first semester at MCC I plan on taking four of the recommended core curriculum which are English 1301, Math 1314, Biology 2401, and Psychology 2301. I have applied to many local scholarships and FASFA. My classes are paid for with the FASFA I receive and if I dont get any scholarships I will have to pay for books and supplies with money from myself. I wish to enter in the Radiology program, but before I want to get the core curriculum classes out of the way first and it helps that I am currently taking GOVT 2306 and ECON 2301. During my first year I want to be very successful so I have a higher chance to get scholarships that MCC offers for the rest of my college career. My second semester at MCC, I want to take four classes from the core curriculum. They are English 1302, GOVT 2305, History 1301, and Speech 1311. I hope by my second semester I have received some financial help besides FASFA. If I havent I might consider finding a job on campus to pay for any extra necessities. After my first year is completed at MCC I would like to take at least one summer class to get it out of the way, it would be Art 1301. To start my second year and third semester off I want to take the last of the core curriculum classes and prerequisites that I need to get into the radiology program. The classes would be History 1302, Philosophy 1301, HPRS 1206, and Biology 2402. During this semester I would start applying for the radiology program after I meet with an advisor and get more information on it. If everything goes well I hope to be admitted into the program for the incoming semester. My fourth semester and first semester in the radiology program I would be taking only three classes. These are required once in the program RADR 1203 Patient Care, RADR 1311 Basic Radiographic Procedures, and RADR 1260 Clinical I Radiologic Technology. In this semester I hope to be academically successful and have earned a few scholarships so my parents dont have to be struggling to put me through college. I would also like to be working in a part time job that pays well enough for a college student. Now that my second year is completed, I would start my fifth semester with next classes in the program. Which are RADR 2301 Intermediate Radiographic Procedures, RADR 1313 Principles of Radiographic Imaging I, RADR 2309 Radiographic Imaging Equipment, and RADR 1261 Clinical II Radiologic Technology. Next in my sixth semester I would be taking four of the required courses. These include RADR 2217 Radiographic Pathology, RADR 2313 Radiation Biology and Protection, RADR 2266 Practicum I, and RADR 2205 Principles of Radiographic Imaging II. After this semester I plan on taking a summer class, RADR 1460 Clinical Medical Radiologic Technology, which would have to be paid from my own pocket. In my last fall semester in 2020 I would be taking the last few classes I need to complete the radiology program. Which are RADR 2233 Advanced Medical Imaging, RADR 2240 Sectional Anatomy for Medical Imaging, RADR 2267 Practicum II, and RADR 2360 Clinical IV Medical Radiologic Technology. There is one last course I would have to take but its not said when its offered but its called RADR 2235 Radiologic Technology Seminar. Hopefully everything goes as plan and I would graduate with an associates degree in science for radiology in December 2020 from McLennan Community College. My next goal is to graduate from Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center with my bachelors in Clinical Services Management. I hope to have a good job and be able to pay for it. I would also apply for scholarships they offer or finish school through the University Center at MCC where it could be more affordable. Texas Technical University is located in Lubbock, TX established on 1923. The large university is the only campus in Texas to house an undergraduate university, law school, and medical school at the same location. The university offers degrees in more than 150 courses of study through 13 colleges and has 60 research centers and institutes. Residents of Texas pay an annual total price of $18,156 to attend Texas Tech University on a full time basis. Originally named Texas Technological College, the college opened in 1925 with six buildings and an enrollment of 914. Texas Tech is also offered through the MCC university center. Like many big Universities Texas Tech has many student organizations and way many more scholarships for undergraduates and graduate students. Depending on what job I get or scholarships I receive, I would like to move to Lubbock to enroll in the Clinical Services Management program. Living at a campus is something Ive always wanted to experience but if Im not finically ready doing it through MCC is not a problem for me. I would like to start in the spring semester of 2021 right after graduating MCC in December. The first few classes I would take would be HPHM 4302 Financial Management For Clinical Supervisors, HPHM 4303 Principles of Personnel Management For Clinical Supervisors, HPHM 4306 Marketing Principles and Entrepreneurship, and HPHM 4304 Management of Clinical Support Services in Healthcare Organizations. Once Im at TTU I want to be a fulltime student even in the summer so I could finish quicker. Ill be taking four classes in the summer, which are HPHM 4311 US Healthcare System, HPHM 4313 Community Health Issues, HPHM 4314 Quality Assurance/Risk Management, and HPHM 4317 Statistics For Healthcare Supervisors. All of these are hopefully paid for with financial aide. The next semester I have to take five classes and two of them are case studies. The classes are HPHM 4318 Healthcare Law/Ethics, HPHM 4331 Leadership In Healthcare Organizations, HPHM 4401 Healthcare Management Information Systems, and HPHM 4477, HPHM 4478 Case studies. This would be the end of my required core curriculum at TTU. At Texas Tech in order to graduate with your bachelors you would need to have 12 hours of upper level electives of your choice. They offer Capital Project Design, Organizational Behavior, Foundations Of Managed Care, Issues In Gerontology For Healthcare Managers, Integrated Delivery Systems And Organizational Relationships, Long-Term Care Management, and Regulatory Aspects Of Long Term Care. With this plan I would most likely graduate in the spring of 2022 with my Bachelors In Clinical Services Management from Texas Tech University. After graduating with my bachelors I would be able to work at hospitals, clinics, medical and diagnostic laboratories and be paid more than the radiologist that only has an associates degree. My biggest concern would be the financial part of school. I know FASFA can pay for most of my classes but if I receive no scholarships then I would have to get a loan to help me out. Thats why is very important that I stay on top of my work and have good grades to receive any scholarships I can. McLennan Community College is a great fit for me not only because is it affordable but it is close to home and offers a good plan for my education. The radiology program that MCC offers has been praised by many and for right now it seems to be the career I want to pursue.

An Essay on The Landlady by Roald Dahl -- The Landlady by Roald Dahl

The Landlady by Roald Dahl In the short story â€Å"The Landlady,† Roald Dahl’s use of foreshadowing prepared readers well for the end of the story. He used hints such as describing the outside of the bed and breakfast, giving details of the entry and the bedroom, and also telling the readers about the living room. To begin, Dahl used the outside of the bed and breakfast as a use of foreshadowing. The sign was described to be distinctive. It was portrayed to be luring the boy inside. Dahl used the opening of the door as a hint also. He explained that the woman debouched the door open, which would foreshadow that she was abnormal. The woman also had cheap rent at her bed and breakfast. This would draw potential customers in for her awkward ...

Is the Earth large or small? Essay

Any information concerning the size of the earth is likely to refers to this aspect its description within the context of relativity. As one of the planets in the solar system, the earth is large relative to its planetary counterparts. It is the largest and most massive of the terrestrial planets (which include Mars, Venus, and Mercury) within the solar system. In addition, the earth is also denser than the other planets within its solar system. However, compared with the non-terrestrial planets (Saturn, Jupiter, Uranus and Neptune) the earth is very small. In comparison with the sun, the earth is tiny. The mass of the earth is 5. 9736 X 1024 kg. This, compared with the mass of the sun is 1. 99 X 1030 kg, which is 332,946 times that of the earth. On the size scales within the solar system, therefore, the earth might be considered medium sized. However, since the sun is quite miniscule compared to other stars and to the physical bodies within and beyond the galaxy, the sizes of the earth on a universal scale approaches the infinitesimal. 2. What are the major differences between parallels and meridians? Parallels or latitudes differ from meridians primarily in the directions in which they run. While parallels always run east-west, meridians run north-south in a way that allows each to cut (cross) each parallel at a different angle. This is because meridians all run through the axes of the earth, and this ensures that they all converge upon the poles. The parallels or latitudes run parallel to each other, and this ensures that they never meet each other in their journeys around the earth. One effect that this difference (in parallelism) has on the two types of lines is that while parallels are always equidistant from the equator and poles at every point on its circumference, meridians change their distances from each other the closer or further away they are from the poles. Therefore, at the equator, the distance between any two given meridian will always be greater than at any other latitude on the earth. 3. Why are vertical rays of the Sun never experienced poleward on the tropic lines? The sun’s vertical rays are experienced only between 23. 5oN and 23. 5oS primarily as a result of the tilt of the earth’s axis. This tilt measures 23. 5 degrees, so as the earth revolves around the sun, its poles tilt toward or away from the sun at this angle. During the summers (which alternate between opposing parts of the year in for the northern and southern hemispheres), the poles are tilted toward the sun. However, the angle this causes the earth to make with the sun ensures that the angles of the sun-rays hitting the earth are less than the 90 degrees which would constitute a direct hit. Because of this tilt, the rays of the sun are sometimes able to shine directly on such parts of the earth that always between the latitudes that remain in the direct path of the rays after the 23. 5o tilt. The further north or south of these latitudes one goes, the less of a direct contact the earth makes with the sun’s rays. In fact, the extreme of this is that very close to the poles at certain times of the year, the sun’s light is not seen at all. 4. On which day of the year do the vertical rays of the Sun strike the farthest north of the Equator? What is the latitude? Why? The days on which the sun’s vertical rays hit the earth at the angle farthest from the equator is approximately December 22. This is known as the Winter Solstice, and describes the time when the Northern Hemisphere experiences its shortest daytime period (or longest night-time period). The latitude at which this occurs is the 23. 5oN, which represents the latitude of the Tropic of Cancer. This occurs primarily because of the earth’s axial tilt, which is about 23 degrees toward or away from the sun. At the time of the Northern Hemisphere’s Winter Solstice, the earth is tilted away from the sun, yet the sun’s direction from the earth at that time compensates for that tilt so that its rays hit at the spot farthest north that is possible at any given time. This â€Å"spot† occurs at 23o north of the equator. 5. Explain the implications of the statement, ‘No map is totally accurate. ’ According to mapping standards held by the Unites States (and likely by other countries), maps have to maintain accuracy within a given scale. For example, for scales where one (1) inch on the map represents 24,000 inches on land (or sea), the inaccuracy level of the map should not exceed 1/50th of an inch in more than 10% of the points (USGS). These standards are based upon the premise or understanding that no map can be completely accurate. However, what this means is that at minute scales on the ground or sea, it becomes impossible to locate things with a large degree of accuracy. This can be seen more clearly when it is known that 1/50th of an inch on a 1:24,000 scale represents 40 feet (USGS). Therefore, in important expeditions that require map use, a user may expect to be ignorant concerning the exact location of a designated point within at least a 40-foot radius. 6. A globe can portray Earths surface more accurately than a map, but globes are rarely used. Why? Globes are more accurate than maps because, while the map distorts the latitude lines, the shapes of its landmasses and other features, these are kept in true to form on globes. However, globes are rarely used because of their three-dimensional natures that make them more difficult to navigate than two-dimensional maps. The shapes made by the intersection of parallels and meridians are also less like simple geometrical shapes. Because of the way in which the latitude lines are portrayed on maps (as vertical and parallel, thereby creating the illusion of squares) these are usually more suited to calculations done by the lay person or navigator. These parallel latitudes represent not real latitude lines but what has been termed loxodromes (also known as rhumb lines). These rhumb lines actually represent the constant bearing of a compass and calculations using these lines make it easier for navigators to determine the direction of their courses (Rosenberg). Maps are also more intuitively like humans view the surface of the earth. From our perspective, it does not appear to be a sphere, but a large expansive area. Therefore, maps accord more to our everyday experience and are easier for humans to translate. 7. Distinguish between GPS and GIS. Provide ways in which these tools can be useful to physical geographers. The Global Positioning System or GPS is a system that facilitates the location of objects or areas on or around the earth based on a group of satellites which have been launched into the earth’s orbit at about 11,000 miles (Corvallis). This differs from a GIS, which is a Geographical Information System—a database that holds the location of a large number of locations on the earth. The difference between the two lies in that while the GPS is the system for mapping an object, the GIS is the actual object that whose position is being mapped. The GPS system is of immense importance because of the level of accuracy it provides whether on the scales required by navigators or those required for geodesic positioning (ISSA). GIS allows geographers to be able to know, map, and locate specific regions or objects on the earths surface. It also allows them to chart paths from one location to the next by accurately calculating vectors that denote the relative distances and directions between given locations. The GPS continually expands the data available by embodying the technology that allows new places to be located and pin-pointed. Works Cited Corvallis. â€Å"Introdiction to the Global Positioning System for GIS or TRAVERSE. † CMTINC. com.Corvallis, OR: Corvallis Microtechnology Incorporated. http://www. cmtinc. com/gpsbook/index. htm ISSA. â€Å"The Global Information System. † The International Strategic Studies Association. 2004. http://128. 121. 186. 47/ISSA/gis/index. htm Rosenberg, Matt. T. â€Å"Peters Map vs. Mercator Map. † About Geography. New York: New York Times Company. http://geography. about. com/library/weekly/aa030201b. htm USGS. â€Å"Map Accuracy Standards. † United States Geographical Survey. Reston: U. S. Department of the Interior. 1999. http://erg. usgs. gov/isb/pubs/factsheets/fs17199. html

Strategic marketing

Strategic marketing Porters Five forces Analysis Harley Davidson’s goal for perfect competition relies on Porter’s five forces framework such as market rivalry whereby a business organization competes favorably in the global market arena as part of maintaining a well established competitive edge. The company’s market share and industrial concentration are favorably stable.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Strategic marketing- Harley Davidson specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is due to its diverse product differentiation and the ability to raise and lower commodity prices without incurring losses. Although it is faced with threats of product substitute that emanates from other market players, Harley Davidson overcomes the challenge of accessory substitutes by making frequent replacements. On the same note, the global market is threatened by incumbent firms that tend to increase barrier to entry of new and sma ller firms. However, Harley Davidson uses the barrier strategically through price reduction in order to gain competitive advantage. PESTEL analyses for Harley Davidson Company Political factors Managers at the Harley Davidson Company are faced with diverse macro-environment challenges that impact the decisions they make. Some of the macro changes that effect its operations include the changes in government policy, demographic changes, trade barriers, new laws and tax changes. One key macro-environment factor affecting its operations is the political factor. Additionally, there are myriad of political decisions that impact the operations of Harley Davidson in vital business areas such as health and education of the workforce as well as quality of economic infrastructure like roads. Economic factors The economic factors include exchange and inflation rates, economic growth, taxation changes and interest rates. These economic factors impact the behavior of the firm in such areas as det erring investments since it makes the cost of borrowing to increase and exporting of its products becomes difficult due to a strong currency which raises the price of commodities. In addition, due to the current inflation problem, Harley Davidson faces the problem of raised operational costs and demands from employees who need higher wages.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Social factors Socially, one of the factors impacting Harley Davidson’s operations includes massive changes in social trends. This has been found to impact the willingness and availability of its employees to work as well as the demand for its products. The impact of social factors is witnessed among the aging population who are part of its staff and require pension payments. This increases the cost of payments and hiring of new staff. Besides, it has to deal with the impact of the age d on demand. As usual, the aged do not frequently demand motorcycles what makes the demand among this age group to be lower. Technological factors Harley Davidson is making use of new technologies to innovate new processes and products. Its motor cycles, accessories and merchandise are all created for new markets and with room for technological improvements. Besides, it has adopted online business systems through which it markets and sells its products to online shoppers. Through technology, Harley Davidson has been able to lead in innovation, improve the quality of its products, create better two-wheel designs and reduce costs. Environmental factors Major environmental factors affecting this business include climate and weather changes. An external factor such as global warming is a significant problem to this company as it impacts both transportation and travel industries. Buyers prefer cars to motorcycles and this affects the sales of motor cycles and its business opportunities d ue to changing demand patterns. Legal factors Certain legal factors such as consumer laws, safety legislation, and employment as well as competition laws control and regulate its operations. Of greatest importance is the employment law that covers the issue of wages for employees, working hours, dismissal procedures and redundancy. Competitive advantage Some of the important competitive advantages at Harley Davidson include the fact that it has employed innovative capacity, strategic flexibility, organizational learning and effective technology. Besides, it has articulate strategic intent, competencies and resources that are non-substitutable and unique.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Strategic marketing- Harley Davidson specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Ways for value creation/ ways for customer value creation Harley Davidson value creation methods include customer engagements, encouraging blogs and debates on products, creating value through transparency, risk benefit, access and dialogue. Evaluate H-D’s latest segmentation, targeting and positioning (STP) Strategies. What are its major Strengths and weaknesses? Market segmentation in Harley Davidson is pursued with greater vitality to ensure that the existing market is understood even better and newer avenues to sell the products that have been identified. Lower prices for products to these economies act as part of crucial attraction factors and therefore essential marketing strategy for new products that are being introduced into the market. Other market segmentation that could result in greater sales includes consideration of individual groups’ behaviors to determine their exact preferences especially in the emerging era of great creativity. In terms of target, its products target transport businesses and companies as well as individuals. In terms of positioning, following the continued expansion of population in Americ a, Harley Davidson products have not been made more available especially in major towns. However, to promote the availability of these products, the company has resulted to online sales where consumers can order for their choice of products and get them delivered. Suggest 2-3 contingencies that H-D should contemplate (international/European/Asian markets? Younger generation customers, more focus on women customers? Parts markets? ) . What main changes to their current marketing strategy should H-D consider to minimise impact of these contingencies (just point them out and write 1-3 sentences in support)? Harley Davidson should concentrate on younger generation customers and international markets. To cushion itself from contingencies, it should be updated periodically such as offering staff training and develop mitigation options as these are key in risk planning and business continuity. H-D is switching its strategy to Crowd sourcing (last page). Evaluate this strategy in regards to H-D Is switching to it a threat or an opportunity? Why? Harley Davidson creative marketing initiatives based on crowd sourcing is a move aimed at engaging the broader community and its customers with its brand and the company. Besides, Harley Davidson intends to adopt crowd sourcing for community collaboration and consumer innovation.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Crowd sourcing is indeed an opportunity for Harley Davidson to increase its marketing initiatives. It will also use it as a production and problem solving model through which it reaches customers and communities and submits solutions to both its customers and employees. Pros and cons? Would it work for H-D or not? Why? Crowd sourcing can effectively work for Harley Davidson as it provides a forum where issues affecting workers and customers are explored quickly and at a cost that is comparatively effective. Besides, through crowd sourcing, Harley Davidson has the ability to tap from a wide range of opportunities and talents in the organization. Additional crowd sourcing provides Harley Davidson with an opportunity to gain first hand information from customers on products and preferences. Lastly, this model creates a crowd sourcing organization that encourages contribution and collaboration key for business growth. Analyze the major 5 principal factors behind switching to this new st rategy? One major factor why Harley Davidson made a move to crowd souring was to develop a consumer engagement project where a ‘community is involved to ensure that effective contributions or collaborations on products and services are made to enhance the performance of a business. Besides, crowd sourcing model was going to introduce the community to its product designs, innovations and new features. These were to act as incentives for motivating the willingness of buyers to shop for its products. In addition, it was a step to allow the broader community and customers to feel as a part of the company and to be engaged in its business activities. In addition, the focus of adopting crowd sourcing was to ensure that consumers and the community are satisfied ,with products and services offered. Advise to H-D of at least 2 major marketing strategies that they should consider strengthening their position. Applying RACES (Resources, acceptability, consistency, effectiveness, sustaina bility) criteria, which of these strategies would you advise the publication to adopt and why? Sustainability- Crowd sourcing is strategies that will link Harley Davidson with its customers and the community and as such offer it a unique competitive advantage. Effectiveness- Crowd sourcing is an effective means of presenting to a community or customers the initiatives of a business as.well as products and services. Crowd.sourcing will strengthen the position of Harley Davidson in the market. H-D is a company with strong marketing. What changes into H-D marketing department could be made in order to support new Crowd sourcing strategy and help H-D to strengthen its position in the market? Some of the important strategies that can be put in place include developing leadership capabilities to handle marketing teams and improving marketing skills. Building leadership capability is important in coordinating marketing activities while improving marketing skills is vital for overcoming dyn amic challenges that are common in contemporary marketing.

Antebellum Reform Movements essays

Antebellum Reform Movements essays The Antebellum era or the Pre-Civil War period was known for many reform movements. The society at the time was experiencing a major change. Many movements such as the Transcendentalism and the Second Great Awakening inspired many intellectuals. These people are given the knowledge and the courage to fight for many things in society that were unfortunately looked down on in the past. These reforms were meant to rectify conditions that were considered inhumane and evil. Inspired by the Second Great Awakening, an optimistic spirit permeated public awareness of the underprivileged and the unfortunate. Those associated with improving the life of the society were known as humanitarians. Many reformers and humanitarians strived for success with their reforms. However, there were always those that frowned upon the new changes in society. From both sides, these reform movements have reflected both optimistic and pessimistic views of human nature and society. Before the Antebellum era, many women were denied many rights. After a marriage, the husband had legal rights to control all of his wifes property, earnings, and children. Also, women were kept away from owning property, learning higher education, and participating in civil and political events. The womens rights movement officially began in 1848, when Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott organized the Seneca Falls Convention in New York. This convention addressed the inequalities of gender difference among many events especially marriage. Additionally, in the mid 1850s, Susan B. Anthony and the Grimke Sisters joined the crusade for womens rights by pushing for suffrage which later came true with the adopting of the 19th Amendment in 1920. Later, women were able to attend school with the help of other reformers. The womens reform movement had shown many optimistic views within the society. Because of the reform movement, it showed that equalit...

How did religious and political views shape or affect the conquest of Essay

How did religious and political views shape or affect the conquest of mexico - Essay Example The temporal realm was separate from life on Earth. The Nahua believe that natural and supernatural were entwined. Another defining aspect of religious influence was blood. Spaniards believed god had sent Jesus to spill his blood, but the Nahua believed that their gods needed human blood. Each religious influence controlled the outcome of the conquest. The Spanish were Roman Catholics. Although the Spaniards were Roman Catholics, different orders would shape the conquest and eventual conversion to Catholicism. Schwartz (2000:25) explains: The conversion of the indigenous peoples of New Spain (Mexico) was carried out in the sixteenth century primarily by missionary orders: the Franciscans, Dominicans, Augustinians, and after 1574, the Jesuits. Depending upon the order, the priests would convert the Nahua and the other tribes in Mexico. The goal was to baptize and convert the people to Christianity. It must be noted that different orders handled the natives with diverse methods. Some p riests were harsh in the conversion. The Nahua had to convert, be baptized, and refute their native religion. Other orders would incorporate the local religion into their view of Christianity. It is important to note that in the end, the Christians conquered the Nahua, but the Nahua retained some of their traditions. The Nahua believed in a variety of god and goddesses. Schwartz (2000:9) states: The many gods and goddesses can perhaps be grouped into three major categories. As an agricultural people, the Mexica gave particular devotion to the gods of the earth and of fertility, to gods like Tlaloc, god of rain†¦A second group consisted of the creator deities†¦Finally, there were deities who formed part of the cult of war and sacrifice. The many gods and goddesses were entreated for rain, victory in war, and praise for creation. The impact of the religious differences between the Spanish and Nahua in the respect to gods and goddess influenced the conquest. The Spanish fough t for a trinity in one god. The Nahua asked their gods of war and sacrifice to beat the invaders. When mankind wages war for a religious purpose they will win at all costs. If a tribe is fighting for land alone it is easier to lose. The religious ties of homeland were not as important to either side. The difference was one side fought for a sole god, but the other fought for their homeland. Thus the Spaniards overcame the Nahua. Another impact religion made on the conquest of the Spanish over the Nahua was conversion. The Nahua did not want to expand their empire through conversion. The Nahua wanted to annihilate their enemies. If they conquered people, the Nahua let them keep their identity. The Spaniards wanted to conquer and convert. This provided slave labor, allies, and more resources. Different religious values of the two warring sides influenced the conquests. Christians wore crosses with arrows, swords, and other advanced weapons. Gold was not valued by the Nahua for their t raditions. However, the Christians believed in the value of gold. The Spaniards wanted the gold to give a tribute to the church. Gold could be made into crosses. The Nahua’s rituals were of complicated temples built of stone. Water, sacrifices, and other rituals made up the Nahua religion. The value of the territory made the Spaniards feel that their god wanted them to take the riches in order to further the Church’s mission of spreading Christianity throughout the world. The

Global Corporation across Global Markets and Cultures Essay

Global Corporation across Global Markets and Cultures - Essay Example ... rates with its own parent name, while in Mexico, it is known as Walmex, Asda in the United Kingdom, Seiyu in Japan, Best Price in India and other nomenclatures as it expands far and wide throughout the world. In the following, the strategic management of marketing realms within China and Mexico are discussed to gain a solid understanding of the subject at hand. Strategic Management of Marketing Operations in China China is a booming economy and this is the reason why Wal-Mart can thrive on the success that it has achieved elsewhere. The marketing operations within China can be localized to suit the needs of the Chinese citizens. From a strategic perspective, the marketing realms would be well covered if Wal-Mart knows that its procedures within China have to be in a step by step process. If these procedures are duly dealt with, there would be a sense of calmness attached with conducting Wal-Mart’s business operations in the country. The requirement therefore is to comprehend w here Wal-Mart must manifest its total basis and how well it can maneuver the Chinese population into purchasing goods and commodities from Wal-Mart rather than other retail chains, which could comprise of the global ones as well as the local players. With positive customer service coming to the assistance of Wal-Mart through the ‘sundown rule’ and the ‘ten foot rule’, one can estimate the level of clarity within the marketing operations in Chinese Wal-Mart domains (Usunier, 2009). The strategic management of the marketing operations within China cannot be achieved if Wal-Mart does not understand the cultural implications of the land and the ways and means through which Chinese people involve within the purchase cycle. Since China is a booming market, it would only be natural on the part

Islamic History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Islamic History - Essay Example The history of foundation of Islam is clothed with the veils of legend and obscured by multiple conflicting accounts that make its true outline all but impossible to discern with any clarity. But it is incontrovertible that Northern-Arabia prior to Muhammad was a predominantly tribal environment, structured by exigencies of camel herding, trading, feuding, and raiding. The ‘civilized’ area of Arabia was not in the heartland where Islam was born, but rather had long been located in the coastal south and along the gulf. Inland, the only possible location for development of any sort of state was in the impoverished and remote region dominated by Mecca and the Quraysh clan, where ancient pilgrimage centers protected markets in perfume, leather, and other trade goods. But no such development occurred until the advent of Muhammad, who was born around 570, received his first revelations at the age of forty, undertook his momentous journey to Medina (the hijra) in 622 (year one in the Muslim calendar) and died in 632, having led his people in the conquest of the whole Arab peninsula, and having initiated their great and ultimately successful war against the surrounding Sasanid and Byzantine empires.The religion of Islam is from the Muslim point of view, â€Å"the religion of Abraham and Ishmael† the forefathers of the Muslims. According to Ibn al-Kalbi, who conveys also the belief of his predecessors, Ishmael settled in Mecca where he became the father of many children who supplanted the Amalekites of Mecca; to him is ascribed the origin of the Arabs. Arabs. The Qur'an states that Abraham and Ishmael "raised the foundation of the House" and established a "proper worship". The rites of the pilgrimage, the circumambulation, the visitation of the lesser pilgrimage, the vigil of Arafat, the sacrifice of the she-camels and the acclamation of the name of the deity "came down from the time of Abraham and Ishmael", according to Ibn al-kalbi, and they constitute a part of the religion.(Tamara) Islam had come upon the world scene in the seventh century in connection with the explosion of Arabic-speaking, horse mounted warriors out of the Arabian desert under the leadership of the Prophet Muhammad and his successors. The period of hemispheric history from 1000 to 1500 A.D., what we will call the Islamic Middle Period, witnessed a steady and remarkable expansion of Islam, not only as religious faith but as a coherent, universalist model of civilized life. The spread of Islam into new areas of the hemisphere during the Middle Period was given impetus by two major forces. One of these was the advance of Turkish-speaking of Muslim herding people from central Asia into the Middle East, a movement that began on a large scale with the conquests of the Seljuk Turks in the eleventh century. The second force was the gradual but persistent movement of Muslim merchants into the lands rimming the Indian ocean, that is, East Africa, India, Southeast Asia and China, as well as into Central Asia and West Africa south of the Sahara. A close look at the patterns of travel and migration in the post-Abbasid centuries reveals a quiet but persistent dispersion of legal scholars, theologians, Sufi divines, belle- lettrists, scribes and architects outward from the older centers of Islam to these new frontiers of Muslim military and commercial activity. (Spencer) The Islamic world in Ibn Battuta's time was divided politically into numerous kingdoms and principalities. Muslims on the move regarded the jurisdictions of states as a necessary imposition and gave them as little attention as possible. Their primary allegiance was to the Dar al-Islam as a whole. The terrible Mongol conquests of Persia and Syria that occurred between 1219 and 1258 appeared to Muslims to threaten the very existence of

The paradox of a marketing planning capability Essay Example for Free

The paradox of a marketing planning capability Essay Question 1 What (if any) concepts, methods, approaches or ideas do you think are common between the set readings for this week? What is not common? â€Å"The paradox of a marketing planning capability† The marketing planning capability is a skill to anticipate the shape of an uncertain future. It also is a skill to generate alternatives for operating effectively in changing environments. It is a skill to implement new plans rapidly and efficiently as well. The marketing plan content, marketing planning capability, incidence of improvisation from marketing plan and firm performance relative to competitors consists of the conceptual model. To know how marketing planning capability relates to plan content and the effect of the marketing plan, there are two dimensions: comprehensiveness and budgeting approach. The more comprehensive the plan, the credibility and utilization and the inertia in the organization will be higher. A comprehensive marketing plan covers a broad range of topics, in a thorough and exhaustive manner. A rational budget directs resource allocation on sound economic principles. Post plan improvisation is improvisation after implementation of the plan has commenced and the performance is defined as profitability and brand equity, which over 5 years. The post plan improvisation relates to the extent to an organization acts and approved marketing plan. Unlearning is the most important factors in post plan improvisation, however, it is difficult. Planning, implementing, evaluating and evolving improvising is the steps of post plan improvisation. Method and analysis is quite important in this reading as well. There are three types of measures were used in methods: reflective multi-item measures, formative multi-item measures, and single-item measures. â€Å"Management process in marketing planning† Marketing planning decision making is used to pursue dynamic market opportunities and flexibility is quite important to the marketing planning. The author’s models examine the ability to improvise and the flexibility of decision making is the key factor that directly influence ability to improvise which is consist of proactive management, innovative management, organizational learning, market orientation, spare resources and competitive aggression. On the other hand, there are some moderate relationships between these factors. Question 2 What concepts, methods, approaches or ideas in the set reading(s) do you think might be useful in Business and Marketing Planning? In what circumstances? Why? Due to the fast development, the organization not only needs opportunities but also needs to pursue the new opportunities. The traditional model has three inadequacies: managerial behavior, gap between theory and practice and coordinating role marketing planning. These inadequacies are not in favor of pursuing new opportunities. However, the modeling management processes can solve these problems. For instance, during the development of an organization, if the senior manager made some mistakes, the organization has to face trouble which can be seen as a managerial behavior inadequacy. However, in new model, it will not happen. There are six factors which are proactive management, innovative management, organizational learning, market orientation, spare resources and competitive aggression can directly influence the flexibility of decision making.

Organisational Structure And Product Analysis Of Theme Park

Organisational Structure And Product Analysis Of Theme Park The philosophy of marketing needs to be owned by everyone from within the organization. Marketing focuses on the satisfaction of customer needs, Marketing is not only much broader than selling, it is not a specialized activity at all It encompasses the entire business wants and requirements. Future needs have to be identified and anticipated. The marketing concept is a philosophy. It makes the customer, and the satisfaction of his or her needs, the focal point of all business activities. It is driven by senior managers, passionate about delighting their customers.Marketing is not only much broader than selling, it is not a specialized activity at all It encompasses the entire business. It is the whole business seen from the point of view of the final result, that is, from the customers point of view. Concern and responsibility for marketing must therefore permeate all areas of the enterprise.This customer focused philosophy is known as the marketing concept. The marketing concept is a philosophy, not a system of marketing or an organizational structure. It is founded on the belief that profitable sales and satisfactory returns on investment can only be achieved by identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer needs and desires. INTRODUCTION OF Q1; Lost World of TambunTheme Parks in Malaysia The latest attraction from Sunway City Ipoh in Tambun, the Lost World is a new water theme park in Perak set to provide you a fun-filled adventure for friends and family! Nestled among lush greenery and limestone hills, the Lost World has a host of exciting activities to keep you coming back for more. Question 1: Your role: You are required to select a theme park of your choice. You are required to determine their organizational structure, products, markets, and competitors. Introduction As part of your research, you will need to define the structure of the franchise and the product that is being offered to the consumer. Content You are required to analyze: Their market strength Their zone of natural expansion Brand positioning and marketability of their brand Suggest steps to improve their sales and profits Suggest how they can take their business to a global scale Summary Conclude your research by summarizing all the above and provide a final solution on how the theme park may thrive in a completion market place. All cost for the event and portfolio must be self funding. Olympia College will not be responsible for any cost or any unforeseen circumstances occurred during this event. Answer Q1 As part of our assignment, I have chose the Lost World of Tambun theme park as my choice for doing my assignment. From my own research, there is five main elements which make up this world of adventures which is as stated in the structure belowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Jungle Wave Bay CLIFF RACER Tiger Valley Water park Hot Springs Spa FIVE ELEMENTS Water Park An exquisitely beautiful Waterfall Beach Garden exhilarating water rides in the theme park for everyone at the water park and where the water beach garden were the biggest wave pool in Malaysia where the waves could swell up to 3 feet high. At there, you could find a absolutely perfect landscaped beach which surrounded by 20 feet twin waterfalls with two rivers flowing into the pool. There is also a musical body wash as a refreshment before to the caption of Sandy Bay. Explorabay, a kids only zone which is specially designed for kids while Cliff Racer are intend for a adult and youth. And of course, the longest inflatable tube ride in Malaysia, Tube Raiders which is the family favourite giant slides while Adventure River is more on relaxing water ride. Cliff Racer Sail through the jungle canopy in an old mine cart after a drop from dizzying heights; just like in the old Wild Wild West movies! The park is perfect for those family escapades. Be sure to bring spare clothes for a change after a whole days fun on the numerous water slides and water games. The park also plays host to a few tigers and albino tiger cubs and visitors can witness the tiger feeding times between 11.30am to 5pm every day. The park is open everyday except Tuesdays (school/public holidays excluded) from 11am 6pm. One can have a cocktail at the Rum Jungle Bar between 6pm 9pm every night. Entrance tickets start at about RM25 per adult and RM 19 per child (children under 90cm gets free entrance). The park also offers special food, entrance and rides packages. Lost World Hot Springs Spa As the latest supplement for the visitors to enjoy the inimitable feel of the hot spring, the water in the hot spring come from a natural source, and this is a sanctuary for the visitors to relax and enjoy and to experience hygienic and rejuvenating hot water. Besides, there are many other elements which are catered for the visitors presenting the ultimate relaxation experience Tiger Valley There are feeding tigers show and their handles at play in the tiger valley. You can learn abit about how the tigers are cared through the valleys educational program where you will be able to get close and personal with one of these exquisite tigers. Lost World Petting Zoo Visitors can take a walk on the wild side and The Petting Zoo allows the public to touch, feel, feed and play with the animals; giving those looking for a more personal encounter, a closer perspective. Body Market Strength So many words packed into one, the Lost World of Tambun, where providing an action packed with exciting adventures with the most sensational rides and glamour in Ipoh, Malaysia. A 60 million Ringgit theme park which located in this historical town of Ipoh, in the middle of the North South corridor in Perak; and is set in the inborn landscapes of Ipoh, surrounded by exquisitely breath taking limestone features. The Lost World of Tambun has its own market strength just like the other theme park as well. As my research all over these theme parks, The Lost World of Tambun is the best theme parks if compared to all the competitors around within the northern region in Ipoh example like Bukit Merah. They has providing a variety services which provides leisure, relaxation, enjoyment as well as entertainment. Moreover, the price are quite reasonable for the services they are providing. As another market strength, Lost world of Tambun is the only theme park with natural hot spring and the water come from natural source and the thermal water in the pool are not recycled. Furthermore, they got a formation of the stand alone rock formation 10 storey building within the theme park. Based on the 4Ps, place, people, promotion and products, Lost World of Tambun had provides all these 4Ps if compared to other competitors as their market strength. Place 800 parking spaces provided Good transportation Natural pleasant landscape People Good services Caring from staffs Friendliness from staffs Promotion Invite international performance during parties; beach party Promote online through hot websites; facebook, etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Promote through travel and tour agencies for packages Product Water Park Amusement Park Lost World Hot Springs Spa Tiger Valley Lost World Petting Zoo Zone of Expansion For your information, Lost World are exposed to the nature. Therefore, it has ample of natural resources around and within the park. As for the future expansion, they should take this advantage to make more for its zone of natural expansion usage from the natural sources. Currently, they are building a hotel of themselves which are rated as 4 5 star grades; visitors like foreign visitors do not need to look for other accommodations and can just stay inside the Lost World of Tambuns Hotel which are surrounded by natural source. Besides, they are also upgrading the hot spring spa section. As their future expansion, it could build up a monorail system for the overall accessibility within the theme park itself; visitors are able to travel from the theme park back to the hotel after explorer. Moreover, wide natural resources in their theme park which enable them to have their own cave which creates jungle tracking and cave exploring experience for customers. They should expand more on dry rides in did of only focus in wet rides as there is already a lot of wet rides. This will enable the visitors to have more choices during their explorer and will not feel boring. Brand positioning and marketability of their brand A great theme park which have its own nature and gave us a refreshing feeling when you are living in a hectic lifestyle; a way to expose yourself to the nature. Besides, it is a time for every member in a family to spend their time together and have fun in Lost World of Tambun. This is a way for family bonding to happen. Moreover, we can spend our time with our friends during holiday at there for entertainment and leisure. And of course, it is a good place for a couple to have a great day. What are they famous for? Their natural resources and it located in a historical place in Ipoh with natural thermal water sources. They are also considered as under the umbrella of Sunway Groups which lead them to success because Sunway group had prove themselves in Sunway Lagoon. Steps to improve their sales and profit In order to improve their sales and profit, they should depend on the economy scale which is reduce their cost in order to get more people. Besides, its also depends on how they generate their profit through the existing products. They can also provide more new family packages and teenage packages. Another step to improve their sales and profit is to extend business hour for dry parks and more events should be organize example like beach party. International performances should be invite example like super junior, wonder girls and big bang in order to attract more visitors. And of course, special rates for senior citizen should be apply and toys should be given to kids to show that the management is caring enough even to every single matter. How they can take their business to a global scale Extend their business to global scale, they can deal with the travel and tour regencies for packages and brings the tourism to Lost World of Tambun and let them recognize it and bring back this information back to the country. Moreover, they can have a deal with a country ambassador to promote their theme park in their own country and to attract foreign investment example like an big organization and this will lead them to develop another branch in their country by the help in modal from the organization; targeting hot weather country like india. Besides, it should have a deal with large organization to have a big retreat ( international conference ). And of course, the lost world management should also advertise their theme park through hot websites example like facebook.com, youtube.com, twitter.com and etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Conclusion In any business success, marketing always plays a key part. You have to make a good relationship with your customers. You need to work out how you will reach and win new customers and make sure that they will be happy and remain satisfied of the services you are providing them. You need to always review and keep on improving everything you do to stay ahead of the competition.Although marketing plays an important role, it will not guarantee sales unless by doing it with a laid out plan. A well-researched and logical plan is important to have a better chance of building a long-term profitable relationships. A marketing plan will serve as a reference or your basis to execute a marketing strategy. By laying out plans, it will set out a clear objectives and explains how you will achieve them. You can define your business well if you have a written document that details the necessary actions to achieve your marketing goals. A marketing plan is considered a part of an over all business plan .